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doi: 10.1098/rspb.2001.1698ĭavidowitz G, D’Amico LJ, Nijhout HF (2003) Critical weight in the development of insect body size.
Funct Ecol 22:271–277ĭ’Amico LJ, Davidowitz G, Nijhout HF (2001) The developmental and physiological basis of body size evolution in an insect. Reinhold, New YorkĬampero M, De Block M, Ollevier F, Stoks R (2008) Metamorphosis offsets the link between larval stress, adult asymmetry and individual quality. J Insect Physiol 46:825–836īrody S (1945) Bioenergetics and growth. Br Poult Sci 39:423–425īernays EA, Woods HA (2000) Foraging in nature by larvae of Manduca sexta -influenced by an endogenous oscillation. We compare the energy budgets of a few endothermic and ectothermic species and discuss how different life histories lead to the differences in the energy budgets under food restriction.īenyi K, Habi H (1998) Effects of food restriction during the finishing period on the performance of broiler chickens. The opposite trends were observed in food restricted larvae, indicating the predicted prioritization in the energy budget under food restriction. The free-feeding larvae slightly decrease the energy allocated to growth as body mass increases and increase the energy allocated to life sustaining. During the fifth instar, the energy budgets of larvae change dynamically. At each temperature, food restriction increases the scaling power of growth rate but decreases that of metabolic rate, as predicted by the hypothesis.
We test the hypothesis by manipulative experiments on fifth instar hornworms at three temperatures. Driven by this hypothesis, we develop a simple theoretical model, based on conservation of energy and allometric scaling laws, for understanding the dynamic energy budget of growing larvae under food restriction. We hypothesize that when food availability is low, larvae of holometabolic insects with a short development stage (relative to the low food availability period) prioritize biomass growth at the expense of metabolism. Growing animals must alter their energy budget in the face of environmental changes and prioritize the energy allocation to metabolism for life-sustaining requirements and energy deposition in new biomass growth.
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